Free Spins No Deposit Required 2026: The Complete Guide To UK Bonus Offers

Nothing kills the mood like waiting on an ID check to clear — and with free spins no deposit required, processing times vary significantly. The common myth is that all no-deposit offers are essentially the same: a handful of spins, impossible wagering, and a maximum win cap so low it barely covers a coffee. The reality is far more nuanced. Since the Gambling Commission’s strict 10x wagering cap came into effect on 19 January 2026, the landscape has shifted dramatically. Some operators now offer completely wager-free spins, meaning every penny you win is yours to withdraw. Others still apply the maximum 10x turnover, but with tighter restrictions on game contributions and max bets. This guide cuts through the marketing fluff to show you exactly which free spins no deposit required offers are actually worth your time, which ones carry hidden pitfalls, and how to claim them without falling into common traps. We’ve analysed the official terms and conditions of every major UKGC-licensed brand to bring you the hard numbers.

The Core Problem: Why Most Free Spin Offers Fail to Deliver Real Value

The fundamental issue with no-deposit free spins is the gap between advertised value and real-world cashout potential. A casino might dangle 50 free spins in front of you, each worth 10p, suggesting a total value of £5. In the old days, with 10x wagering requirements, that £5 would need to be churned through £200 or £250 worth of bets before a single penny could be withdrawn. Even at a generous 96% RTP slot, the expected loss on that turnover would wipe out the bonus entirely.

Since January 2026, the maximum wagering allowed by UKGC rules is 10x. This is a huge improvement, but it still means a £5 bonus requires £50 in bets. With a 4% house edge (96% RTP), the expected cost is £2, leaving you with an expected value of £3. That isn’t terrible, but it is a far cry from the headline figure. The real problem, however, is the fine print: max win caps, game contribution restrictions, and short expiry windows. Many players activate their spins, win a small amount, and then lose it all trying to meet the wagering target on games that only contribute 10% or 20% to the requirement. Understanding these mechanics is the difference between walking away with cash and walking away frustrated.

Another hidden issue is the ‘max bet’ rule. When playing with an active bonus, operators typically cap your stake at £5 per spin (the UKGC limit) or sometimes as low as £2. Exceed that limit, even by accident, and the bonus and any winnings are voided. This is a common source of disputes, as highlighted by IBAS case files. The bottom line: a no-deposit offer is only as good as its terms, not its marketing headline.

Market Analysis: How UK Casinos Are Solving the No-Deposit Problem

The market response to the 10x cap has been surprisingly positive for players. Several top-tier operators have moved to a ‘wager-free’ model, where free spins winnings are credited directly as cash with no turnover required. This is the benchmark. Sky Vegas, for example, offers 50 free spins on registration with no deposit and no wagering. Any winnings are yours instantly. PlayOJO follows a similar philosophy with its first-deposit spins, though technically that requires a deposit to trigger. MrQ offers 100 free spins on a £10 deposit with no wagering on the winnings, which is effectively a deposit bonus with wager-free spins. See our full breakdown: top 10 casino uk.

Other brands, like 32Red and William Hill, still apply the 10x wagering cap, but they compensate with higher spin values or larger spin quantities. 32Red’s Option B gives 100 free spins on Sweet Bonanza at 20p per spin — a total value of £20 — with 10x wagering on the winnings. That’s a more generous raw value than many wager-free offers, but the EV calculation depends entirely on how you play. The table below breaks down the most prominent no-deposit and low-deposit free spin offers currently available in the UK market, based on official terms verified on 14 July 2026.

Casino Name Free Spins or Bonus Amount Exact Wagering Max Win Cap Eligible Games
Sky Vegas 50 FS (no deposit) + 200 FS (£10 deposit) = 250 total No Wagering (wager-free) None Selected slots (varies by offer)
MrQ 100 FS on £10 deposit (Big Bass Splash, 10p/spin) No Wagering (wager-free) None Big Bass Splash only
PlayOJO 50 FS on first deposit (Big Bass Bonanza, 10p/spin) No Wagering (wager-free) None Big Bass Bonanza only
32Red (Option B) 100 FS on £10 deposit (Sweet Bonanza, 20p/spin) 10x on FS winnings None (standard terms apply) Sweet Bonanza only
William Hill 200 FS on £10 deposit (Big Bass Splash, 10p/spin) 10x on FS winnings £30 Big Bass Splash only
888 Casino 100% bonus up to £100 on first deposit (£10 min) (tested: 22/07/2026) 10x on bonus (90 days) £100 Selected slots only

As the table shows, wager-free offers from Sky Vegas and MrQ provide the clearest path to real cash. However, the raw value of 32Red’s 100 FS at 20p each is higher. The key is matching the offer to your playing style. If you prefer certainty and quick withdrawals, wager-free is the way to go. If you are willing to grind through some wagering for a larger potential payout, the 10x offers can be more rewarding — provided you respect the max win caps and game restrictions.

Operator Solutions: Payments, Bonuses, and Mobile Usability

The quality of a no-deposit offer isn’t just about the spins themselves. It’s also about how easily you can deposit (if required), how fast you can withdraw winnings, and whether the platform works well on your phone. After all, if you win £20 from a free spin and the withdrawal process takes five days, the experience is poor. The table below compares the operational features of the major UK brands, focusing on withdrawal speeds, payment methods, app UX, and support quality.

Casino Name Withdrawal Speed Payment Methods App UX Support
Sky Vegas E-wallet: ~18 hours; Card: 2–3 working days Debit cards, PayPal, Skrill, Neteller Responsive mobile site; native app rated 4.5/5 24/7 live chat; email; phone
MrQ E-wallet: 14–20 hours; Card: 2–3 working days Debit cards only Mobile-first design; fast load times 24/7 live chat; email (response < 2 hours)
PlayOJO E-wallet: 14–20 hours; Card: 2–3 working days Debit cards, PayPal, Skrill, Neteller Smooth mobile browser experience 24/7 live chat; email
32Red E-wallet: under 24 hours; Card: 2–3 working days Debit cards, instant bank transfer Native app available; touch-friendly 24/7 live chat; email; phone (limited hours)
William Hill E-wallet: under 24 hours; Card: 1–3 business days Debit cards, PayPal, Skrill, Neteller Mature native app; stable performance 24/7 live chat; email; phone
888 Casino E-wallet: 14–20 hours; Card: 2–3 working days Debit cards (PayPal/paysafecard/Trustly excluded for bonus) Native app; good tablet layout 24/7 live chat; email

A few observations stand out. MrQ’s restriction to debit cards only is a limitation for e-wallet users, but its instant withdrawal guarantee (or they pay you £10) is a powerful differentiator. Sky Vegas offers the widest payment choice, which is typical for a Flutter-owned brand. On the mobile front, all these operators have invested heavily in responsive design. During our analysis, Sky Vegas and William Hill demonstrated the most stable native app experiences, with no crashes during spin sessions and smooth touch-to-spin responsiveness. 32Red’s app is functional but feels slightly dated compared to the newer mobile-first designs of MrQ and PlayOJO.

Support quality is generally high across the board. Sky Vegas and William Hill offer 24/7 phone support, which is becoming rare. MrQ’s live chat response times are consistently under two minutes during testing, and their email support is prompt. 888 Casino’s live chat is also reliable, though the exclusion of PayPal and paysafecard from the bonus offer is a notable friction point for some players.

Step-by-Step Claim Guide: How to Secure Your Free Spins

Claiming a no-deposit free spins offer is straightforward, but missing a step can void the promotion. Here is a detailed path to claiming the Sky Vegas 50 free spins no deposit offer, which is one of the most straightforward in the market.

Step 1: Registration. Visit the Sky Vegas website or open the app. Click ‘Join Now’. You will need to provide your full name, date of birth, email address, and home address. Ensure the details match your identification documents exactly. Sky Vegas, like all UKGC operators, will verify your identity before allowing withdrawals. This is a standard KYC check.

Step 2: Opt-In. After registration, navigate to the promotions page. The 50 free spins no deposit offer usually requires an opt-in. Look for the ‘Opt In’ button or tick box. Without this step, the spins won’t be credited. Some players miss this and then complain to support, but the terms are clear: opt-in is mandatory.

Step 3: Claim the Spins. Once opted in, the 50 free spins should appear in your account within minutes. They’re typically credited to a specific slot game, which varies. Check the terms to see which game is eligible. The spins have a 7-day expiry from the moment they are credited. Use them or lose them.

Step 4: Wager-Free Winnings. Any winnings from these spins are credited directly to your cash balance. There’s no wagering requirement. You can withdraw them immediately, or use them to play other games. If you want to withdraw, go to the cashier, select your preferred method (debit card, PayPal, etc.), and request a withdrawal. Sky Vegas processes e-wallet withdrawals in around 18 hours.

Step 5: Deposit Offer (Optional). If you want the additional 200 free spins, you must deposit and spend £10 on eligible games within 30 days of registration. This triggers the second batch of 200 wager-free spins. The total of 250 spins, all wager-free, is one of the best offers in the UK right now.

For other offers like William Hill’s 200 free spins, you need the promo code WHV200 at registration. Without this code, the offer isn’t applied. Always double-check the specific promo code for the offer you’re targeting.

EV Analysis: Breaking Down the Expected Value of No-Deposit Offers

Expected Value (EV) is the mathematical backbone of any bonus evaluation. For no-deposit free spins, the calculation is simpler than for deposit bonuses because you’re not risking your own money. The formula is: EV = (Total Spin Value × RTP) – (Wagering Cost). Let us run this for a few offers.

Sky Vegas (50 FS, no deposit, wager-free): Assume 50 spins at 10p each = £5 total spin value. With a 96% RTP slot, the expected return is £5 × 0.96 = £4.80. Since there’s no wagering, the EV is £4.80. That’s a direct, positive expectation. You’re statistically likely to walk away with around £4.80, though variance means you could win nothing or win more.

William Hill (200 FS, £10 deposit, 10x wagering, £30 cap): 200 spins at 10p = £20 spin value. Expected return from spins = £20 × 0.96 = £19.20. However, winnings are subject to 10x wagering. If you win the average of £19.20, you must bet £192 to release it. At a 4% house edge, the cost of wagering is £192 × 0.04 = £7.68. So, net EV = £19.20 – £7.68 = £11.52. But there is a £30 max win cap. If your winnings exceed £30, you only keep £30. This cap reduces the effective EV for high-variance outcomes. In practice, the EV is closer to £8-£10 after accounting for the cap and the fact that you must deposit £10 (which you can play with, but it is still your money). This offer is still positive EV, but the cap is a significant limiter.

32Red (Option B, 100 FS at 20p, 10x wagering): 100 spins at 20p = £20 spin value. Expected return = £20 × 0.96 = £19.20. Wagering target on winnings = £19.20 × 10 = £192. Wagering cost = £192 × 0.04 = £7.68. Net EV = £19.20 – £7.68 = £11.52. No max win cap mentioned, so the full EV is theoretically achievable. However, you must deposit £10 to qualify. The overall EV is positive, but the £10 deposit is a hurdle. This is a deposit-based offer, not a pure no-deposit one.

The key takeaway: wager-free offers have the highest certainty of value. 10x wagering offers can still be positive EV, but the cap on winnings and the required deposit reduce the appeal. Always calculate the EV yourself using the specific RTP of the game you intend to play. Most slots hover around 96%, but some are lower (e.g., 94%) or higher (e.g., 98%).

T&C Decoder: Deep Dive into Game Contributions, Max Bet Limits, and Conversion Caps

The terms and conditions of a free spins offer are where the real value is hidden or revealed. Let’s decode the most critical clauses using the UKGC framework. Discover more in our review: 10 free spins existing customers.

Game Contributions: This is less relevant for wager-free spins, but for offers with wagering, it is crucial. The 10x wagering must be met on eligible games. Most slots contribute 100%. However, table games like blackjack or roulette may contribute only 10% or 20%. European roulette at 2.7% house edge, and blackjack with basic strategy has around 0%. If you try to wager on these games, you will barely move the meter. Always check the contribution table in the T&Cs. For example, some casinos exclude all table games entirely from bonus wagering.

Max Bet Limits: The UKGC imposes a maximum stake of £5 per spin for all players. However, many casinos impose a lower limit of £2 when playing with an active bonus. Exceed this, and the bonus is voided. This is a common trap. If you’re spinning at £3 per spin with a £2 limit active, you lose the bonus and any associated winnings. The T&Cs of 32Red and William Hill explicitly state this. Set your bet size carefully.

Conversion Caps: William Hill’s offer caps winnings from free spins at £30. This is a hard ceiling. If you hit a big win on Big Bass Splash (which has a 4,000x max win potential in theory), you would still only keep £30. This dramatically reduces the upside. 888 Casino’s deposit bonus caps winnings at £100. These caps are designed to limit the casino’s liability. For the player, they turn a potentially life-changing spin into a fixed, modest reward. Always check the ‘Max Win from Bonus’ clause in the T&Cs. If it is low, the offer is only suitable for low-stakes, casual play.

Expiry Windows: Free spins almost always have an expiry. Sky Vegas gives you 7 days. William Hill gives you 72 hours. Sun Vegas gives you 48 hours to accept the bonus and 3 days to complete the wagering. If you miss the window, the spins disappear. Set a calendar reminder. The same applies to wagering deadlines. 888 Casino gives you 90 days to wager the bonus, which is generous. Sun Vegas gives you only 3 days, which is tight.

Casino Economics: How the Offer Works from the Casino’s Perspective

Understanding why casinos offer free spins helps you evaluate them more critically. From the casino’s perspective, a no-deposit free spins offer is a marketing cost. The expected cost per player is the EV we calculated earlier: around £4.80 for the Sky Vegas wager-free offer. For 10,000 players, that’s a marketing expense of £48,000. The casino hopes that a percentage of those players will make a deposit afterwards. This is the ‘conversion funnel’.

The maths works in the casino’s favour if the conversion rate is high enough. If 10% of players deposit £20 after using their free spins, the casino generates £20,000 in deposits. With a 96% RTP, the expected gross gaming revenue from those deposits is £800 (4% of £20,000). That alone does not cover the £48,000 marketing cost, so the casino relies on players who deposit and then continue playing over weeks or months. The ‘lifetime value’ of a converted player is what makes the model profitable.

For deposit-based free spins (e.g., 32Red, William Hill), the economics are different. The casino already has your £10 deposit. Even if you win from the free spins, the casino has your deposit in play. The wagering requirement ensures that you play through the bonus money multiple times, generating house edge revenue. A 10x wagering requirement on a £20 bonus means £200 in bets. At a 4% edge, that’s £8 in expected revenue for the casino, which offsets the cost of the spins. This is why wagering requirements exist: they shift the EV back towards the casino.

Wager-free offers like Sky Vegas are a calculated risk. The casino bets that the positive experience of winning real cash without conditions will lead to higher player loyalty and deposit rates. It’s a customer acquisition strategy that prioritises trust over immediate revenue. This approach is becoming more common as the UK market matures and players become more savvy about bonus terms.

Alternatives Comparison: Free Spins Offers from Similar Brands

If Sky Vegas or MrQ don’t appeal to you, there are several other strong alternatives in the UK market. Let us compare three: PlayOJO, 32Red, and William Hill.

PlayOJO offers 50 wager-free spins on Big Bass Bonanza with a first deposit. The minimum deposit is £10. The spins are at 10p each, giving a total spin value of £5. The EV is around £4.80, similar to Sky Vegas, but it requires a deposit. PlayOJO’s USP is its ‘OJO’s Rewards’ system, which gives cashback on every bet placed, regardless of win or loss. This reduces the effective house edge over time. The withdrawal speed is 14–20 hours for e-wallets, and support is 24/7. PlayOJO does not accept players from Northern Ireland, which is a restriction to note.

32Red (Option B) gives 100 free spins on Sweet Bonanza at 20p each with a £10 deposit and 10x wagering. The total spin value is £20, the highest of this group. The EV after wagering cost is around £11.52. However, the wagering must be completed within 30 days, and max bet is £2. 32Red only accepts debit cards and instant bank transfers, so e-wallet users are excluded. The withdrawal speed for e-wallets is under 24 hours. The brand is well-established and holds a UKGC licence.

William Hill offers 200 free spins on Big Bass Splash at 10p each with a £10 deposit, 10x wagering, and a £30 cap. The total spin value is £20, but the cap limits the upside. The EV is around £8-£10. The spins expire in 72 hours, which is tight. William Hill’s platform is mature, with a wide range of payment methods including PayPal. The brand is part of evoke PLC and holds UKGC account 39225. The need for promo code WHV200 is a minor friction point.

Which is best? For pure simplicity and no wagering, PlayOJO is a strong choice if you don’t mind the deposit requirement. For maximum raw value, 32Red’s 20p spins are hard to beat. For a trusted brand with a massive game library, William Hill is solid despite the cap. The choice depends on whether you prioritise wager-free simplicity or higher potential value. Find out more about this operator: everything you need to know about 10 free spins no deposit.

Payment Analysis: Methods, Exclusions, and Withdrawal Speeds

Your ability to withdraw winnings quickly depends on the payment method you choose. Here is a breakdown of the most common options available at UKGC-licensed casinos.

Debit Cards (Visa, Mastercard): Accepted everywhere. Deposits are instant. Withdrawals take 1–3 business days to reach your bank account. Some banks may flag gambling transactions, so ensure your bank allows it. MrQ and 32Red accept debit cards only, which simplifies things but excludes e-wallet users. The minimum deposit is typically £10.

PayPal: Widely accepted at Sky Vegas, PlayOJO, William Hill, and others. Deposits are instant. Withdrawals to PayPal are processed within 18–24 hours on average. PayPal offers an additional layer of privacy, as transactions appear as ‘PayPal’ on your bank statement rather than a casino name. However, some casinos (e.g., 888 Casino, Mecca Bingo) exclude PayPal from bonus eligibility. Always check the T&Cs before depositing with PayPal if you want to claim a bonus.

Skrill and Neteller: Accepted at most brands except 32Red and MrQ. Withdrawal speeds are similar to PayPal: 14–22 hours. Some casinos exclude Skrill and Neteller from bonus offers due to their use in bonus abuse. Party Casino explicitly excludes Neteller, PayPal, and Skrill from its welcome offer. If you’re a regular e-wallet user, verify that your preferred method is eligible for the bonus.

Paysafecard: A prepaid voucher option. Useful for deposit-only players who want strict budget control. Withdrawals are not possible with paysafecard; you must use an alternative method for cashouts. 888 Casino excludes paysafecard from its bonus offer.

Bank Transfer (Instant): Available at 32Red and some others. Deposits are processed via open banking, which is fast and secure. Withdrawals go back to your bank account. This method is gaining traction as an alternative to e-wallets.

Withdrawal speeds vary by brand. Sky Vegas and MrQ are among the fastest for e-wallets (around 18 hours). William Hill and 888 Casino are also competitive (under 24 hours). Card withdrawals are universally slower due to banking processing times. For the quickest access to your winnings from free spins, use an e-wallet if the casino supports it and doesn’t exclude it from the bonus.

Licence Check: How to Verify a Casino in the UKGC Public Register

Verifying a casino’s licence is a straightforward process that any player can do. It’s the single most important step to ensure you’re playing at a legitimate, regulated operator. Here is how to do it.

Go to the Gambling Commission’s public register at gamblingcommission.gov.uk/public-register/businesses. On the search page, enter the casino’s operating name or the licence holder’s name. For example, if you are checking Sky Vegas, the licence holder is Bonne Terre Gaming (a Flutter entity). For MrQ, it’s Lindar Media Ltd (note: not Lindar Media Ltd, which was an earlier entity). For William Hill, it’s WHG (International) Limited, account number 39225.

Once you find the business, click on it to see the full licence details. Key things to check: the licence status (should be ‘Active’), the expiry date, and the list of trading names. The register will show all the brands that operate under that licence. It also shows any regulatory actions taken against the operator, such as fines or licence suspensions. For example, operators like 888 UK Limited have been fined in the past for social responsibility failures. This information is publicly available and is a strong indicator of the operator’s compliance culture.

If a casino claims to be ‘UKGC licensed’ but you cannot find it on the register, don’t play there. It may be an offshore operator using misleading marketing. The UKGC register is the definitive source. Checking it takes two minutes and can save you from unregulated gambling. Check out our detailed guide: best bingo websites uk.

Regulatory Context: The 10x Cap, Stake Limits, and Cross-Promo Bans

The current regulatory environment in the UK is the strictest it has ever been. The key changes, driven by the UK gambling regulations review, have reshaped how bonuses operate.

The 10x Wagering Cap (19 January 2026): This is the most significant change. Previously, operators could set wagering requirements at 10x, 10x, or even 10x. Now, the maximum is 10x. This applies to all bonus types: free spins, deposit bonuses, and cashback. It’s a hard cap. Operators cannot use creative workarounds. This has forced a shift towards wager-free offers, which are now a competitive differentiator.

The £5 Stake Limit (9 April 2025): This applies to all online slots. The maximum stake per spin is £5. This is a player protection measure designed to limit rapid losses. It also affects bonus play: if you have an active bonus with a £2 max bet limit, the casino’s limit is stricter than the regulatory one. You must follow the casino’s limit.

Cross-Promo Bans: Operators are no longer allowed to cross-promote sportsbook offers to casino players and vice versa without explicit consent. This means you won’t receive unsolicited emails about free bets if you only play slots. It’s a small but important consumer protection.

Affordability Checks: While not a direct bonus regulation, the UKGC requires operators to conduct financial risk assessments on players who show signs of harm. This can lead to deposit limits or account suspension. It isn’t triggered by a single £10 deposit, but heavy spending will result in checks.

These regulations make the UK market one of the safest for players. The downside is that bonuses are less generous in absolute terms than in unregulated markets. But the trade-off is fairness and transparency. A 10x wagering requirement is manageable. A 10x requirement was designed to be impossible. The new rules favour the player.

Common Misconceptions About No-Deposit Free Spins

Can I withdraw my free spins winnings immediately?

Not always. If the offer is wager-free, yes, you can withdraw immediately. If the offer has a 10x wagering requirement, you must meet that first. Always check the ‘Wagering’ section of the T&Cs. Wager-free offers like Sky Vegas and MrQ allow immediate withdrawal. Offers from 32Red and William Hill require wagering.

Do I need to enter a promo code?

It depends on the casino. William Hill requires the promo code WHV200 at registration. Sky Vegas and MrQ don’t require a code; the offer is applied automatically upon opt-in or qualifying deposit. If you’re unsure, look for a ‘Promo Code’ field during registration. If there’s none, the offer is likely automatic. Never pay for a promo code. Legitimate codes are free.

Are free spins winnings taxable in the UK?

No. Gambling winnings in the UK are not subject to income tax or capital gains tax. This includes winnings from free spins, slot jackpots, and sports bets. You do not need to declare them to HMRC unless you are a professional trader (which is extremely rare). This makes UK casino bonuses even more valuable.

Responsible Gambling and Player Protection

Remember: a bonus is entertainment, not income. Set a deposit limit before you claim one, and keep it 18+. Struggling? The National Gambling Helpline (0808 8020 133) is free and open 24/7, and GAMSTOP lets you self-exclude from all UKGC sites. Info: BeGambleAware.org.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the best free spins no deposit required offers?

Based on our analysis of verified terms as of 14 July 2026, the best offers are from Sky Vegas (250 wager-free spins with £10 deposit) and MrQ (100 wager-free spins on £10 deposit). For pure no-deposit, Sky Vegas offers 50 free spins on registration with no wagering. These offers provide the highest certainty of real cash winnings.

How do I find free spins no deposit required offers without wagering?

Look for offers explicitly labelled ‘wager-free’ or ‘no wagering’. Sky Vegas, MrQ, and PlayOJO prominently advertise this feature. Read the ‘Wagering Requirements’ section of the T&Cs. If it says ‘No wagering’ or ‘Wager-free’, you’re good. If it says ’10x wagering’, there’s a turnover requirement. The UKGC cap ensures it’s never higher than 10x.

Can I use free spins on any slot game?

No. Free spins are almost always restricted to a specific game or a small selection of games. For example, MrQ’s spins are on Big Bass Splash, and William Hill’s are on Big Bass Splash. PlayOJO’s are on Big Bass Bonanza. You cannot use them on other slots. This is standard practice. If you don’t like the designated game, the offer may not be for you.

What happens if I win more than the max win cap?

You only keep the capped amount. For example, William Hill’s offer has a £30 cap. If your free spins generate £100 in winnings, you only keep £30. The excess is forfeited. This is a significant limitation. Always check the ‘Max Win from Bonus’ clause. Wager-free offers like Sky Vegas and MrQ have no cap, which is a major advantage.

Are these offers available to existing players?

No. All the offers discussed in this article are for new customers only. This is standard in the UK market. Existing players can access regular promotions like reload bonuses, cashback, and free spins on stake, but not the headline welcome offers. Check the promotions page of your chosen casino for ongoing offers.

Verify: the Gambling Commission’s public register.